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Population-Based Dementia Screening Program in Kuopio: The Effect of Education, Age, and Sex on Brief Neuropsychological Tests

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Eeva-Liisa Helkala, PhD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Kari J. Reinikainen, MD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Tuomo Hänninen, MA

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Leena Mykkänen, MD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Markku Laakso, MD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Kalevi Pyörärälä, MD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

Paavo J. Riekkinen, MD

Departments of Neurology (Drs Koivisto, Helkala, Reinikainen, and Riekkinen and Mr Hänninen) and Medicine (Drs Mykkänen, Laakso, and Pyörälä), University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.

A neuropsychological screening battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination and four other brief cognitive tests (Russell's Adaptation of the Visual Reproduction Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Tests on letters and category, and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) was administered to a randomly selected population sample of 403 subjects aged 68 to 77 years to evaluate the effect of education, age, and sex on test scores. The difference in neuropsychological screening tests between various education groups (3 years or less, 4 to 6 years, 7 years or more) was statistically highly significant, even after the adjustment for the effect of age. The subscores and total scores were lowest in the minimal education group on every neuropsychological test. Education correlated more strongly than age with all neuropsychological test scores and subscores. The effect of sex on test results was seen only in some subscores of brief neuropsychological tests but not in a single item of the Mini-Mental State Examination. On the basis of our results, the effects of education, age, and sex have to be evaluated before using brief neuropsychological tests in population-based dementia screening. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:162–171).

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Vol. 5, No. 3, 162-171 (1992)
DOI: 10.1177/002383099200500306


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