SAGE Journals Online
Advertisement
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.

 

Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Advertisement

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Leentjens, A. F. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Leentjens, A. F. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Depression in Parkinson’s Disease: Conceptual Issues and Clinical Challenges

Albert F. G. Leentjens, MD, PhD

Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Hospital, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlandsa.leentjens{at}np.unimaas.nl

Background: Depression frequently accompanies Parkinson’s disease (PD) and may have a negative impact on activities of daily living, cognitive performance, and quality of life. Because of the symptom overlap between the 2 disorders, it may be difficult to recognize depression in PD. Moreover, the partially shared pathophysiology may make it difficult to treat depressive symptoms without influencing motor or cognitive function. Objective: To review the current knowledge of the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Method: Discussion of recent studies and relevant literature. Conclusion: Not only conceptually but also in terms of etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment, the relationship between PD and depression remains a challenge. There are still many questions to be answered. In the therapeutic domain, large, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of antidepressant treatment and allow the development of evidence-based guidelines. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2004; 17:120-126)

Key Words: Parkinson’s disease • depression

References

  • 1. Marsh L. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson’s disease. Psychosomatics 2000; 41:15-23.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 2. Hornykiewicz O. Brain neurotransmitter changes in Parkinson’s disease. In: Marsden CD, Fahn S, Eds. Movement disorders. London: Butterworths, 1982:41-58.
  • 3. Jellinger K. An overview of morphological changes in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 1986; 45:1-18.
  • 4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000.
  • 5. Leentjens AFG, Verhey FRJ. Depression and Parkinson’s disease: a conceptual challenge. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 2002; 14:147-151.[CrossRef]
  • 6. Price BH, Adams RD, Coyle JT. Neurology and psychiatry: closing the great divide. Neurology 2000; 54:8-14.[Free Full Text]
  • 7. Goodman A. Organic unity theory: the mind-body problem revisited. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:553-563.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 8. Kandel ER. A new intellectual framework for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:457-470.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 9. Schiffer RB, Kurlan R, Rubin A, Boer S. Evidence for atypical depression in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145:1020-1022.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 10. Menza MA, Robertson-Hoffman DE, Banapace AS. Parkinson’s disease and anxiety: comorbidity with depression. Biol Psychiatry 1993; 34:465-470.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 11. Henderson R, Kurlan R, Kersun JM, Como P. Preliminary examination of anxiety and depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1992; 4:257-264.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 12. Gotham AM, Brown RG, Marsden CD. Depression in Parkinson’s disease, a quantitative and qualitative approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986; 49:381-389.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 13. Brown RG, MacCarthy B, Gotham AM, Der GJ, Marsden CD. Depression and disability in Parkinson’s disease: a follow-up of 132 cases. Psychol Med 1988; 49:381-389.
  • 14. Huber SJ, Freidenberg DL, Paulson GW, Shuttleworth CJA. The pattern of depressive symptoms varies with progression of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53:257-258.
  • 15. Leentjens AFG, Marinus J, Van Hilten JJ, et al. The contribution of somatic symptoms to the diagnosis of depressive disorder in Parkinson’s disease: a discriminant analytic approach. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003; 15:74-77.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 16. Hantz P, Cardoc-Davies G, Cardoc-Davies T, et al. Depression in Parkinson’s disease. Am J Psychiatry 1994; 151:1010-1014.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 17. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Cummings JL. The occur-rence of depression in Parkinson’s disease; a community based study. Arch Neurol 1996; 53:175-179.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 18. Beekman ATF, Copeland JRM, Prince MJ. Review of community prevalence of depression in later life. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 174:307-311.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 19. Cummings JL. Depression and Parkinson’s disease: a review. Am J Psychiatry 1992; 149:443-454.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 20. Hoogendijk WJG, Sommer IEC, Tissingh G, et al. Depression in Parkinson’s disease; the impact of symptom overlap on prevalence. Psychosomatics 1998; 39:416-421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 21. Naarding P, Leentjens AFG, Van Kooten F, Verhey FRJ. Disease-specific properties of the Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAMD) in patients with stroke, Alzheimer’s dementia and Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002; 14:329-334.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 22. Weintraub D, Moberg PJ, Duda JE, et al. Recognition and treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 2003; 16:178-183.[Abstract]
  • 23. Leentjens AFG, Van den Akker M, Metsemakers JFM, et al. Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson’s disease: a register study. Mov Disord 2003; 18:414-418.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 24. Schuurman AG, Van den Akker M, Ensinck KTJL, et al. Increased risk of Parkinson’s disease after depression: a retrospective cohort study. Neurology 2002; 58:1501-1504.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 25. Nilsson FM, Kessing LV, Bolwig TG. Increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease for patients with major affective disorder: a register study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104:380-386.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 26. Buntinx F, Kester A, Bergers J, Knottnerus JA. Is depression in the elderly followed by dementia? A retrospective cohort study based in clinical practice. Age Ageing 1996; 25:231-233.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 27. McGee R, Williams S, Elwood M. Depression and the development of cancer: a meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 1994; 38:187-192.
  • 28. Hemingway H, Marmot M. Evidence based cardiology: psychosocial factors in the aetiology and prognosis of coronary heart disease: systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Br Med J 1999; 318:1460-1467.[Free Full Text]
  • 29. Wassertheil-Smoller S, Applegate WB, Berge K, et al. Change in depression as a precursor of cardiovascular events. Arch Int Med 1996; 156:553-561.
  • 30. McEwen BS. Mood disorders and allostatic load. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:200-207.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 31. Leentjens AFG, Lousberg R, Verhey FRJ. Markers for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002; 106:196-201.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 32. Cole SA, Woodard JL, Juncos JL, et al. Depression and disability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1996; 8:20-25.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 33. Santamaria J, Tolosa ES, Valles A, et al. Mental depression in untreated Parkinson’s disease of recent onset. Adv Neurol 1986; 45:443-446.
  • 34. Schrag A, Jahanshahi M, Quinn NP. What contributes to depression in Parkinson’s disease? Psychol Med 2001; 31:65-73.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 35. Starkstein S, Preziosi TJ, Bolduc PL, Robinson RG. Depression in Parkinson’s disease. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178:27-31.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 36. Tandberg E, Larsen JP, Aarsland D, Laake K, Cummings J. Risk factors for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Arch Neurol 1997; 54:625-630.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 37. Holthoff VA, Beurhien-Baumann B, Pietrzyk U, et al. Changes in regional cerebral perfusion in depression. SPECT monitoring of response to treatment. Nervenarzt 1999; 70:620-626.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 38. Klemm E, Danos P, Grunwald F, et al. Temporal lobe dysfunction and correlation of regional cerebral blood flow abnormalities with psychopathology in schizophrenia and major depression: a study with single photon emission computed tomography. Psychiatry Res 1996; 68:1-10.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 39. Chemerinski E, Robinson RG. The neuropsychiatry of stroke. Psychosomatics 2000; 41:5-14.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 40. Rektorova I, Rektor I, Bares M, et al. Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study. Eur J Neurol 2003; 10:399-406.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 41. Corrigan MH, Denehan AQ, Wright CE, et al. Comparison of pramipexole, fluoxetine, and placebo in patients with major depression. Depress Anxiety 2000; 11:58-65.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 42. De Battista C, Solvason HB, Heilig Breen JA, Schatzberg AF. Pramipexole augmentation of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:274-275.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 43. Factor SA, Molho ES, Podskalny GD, Brown D. Parkinson’s disease: drug-induced states. In: Weiner WJ, Lang AE, eds. Behavioural neurology of movement disorders. Advances in neurology. Vol. 65. New York: Raven, 1995:115-138.
  • 44. Mayeux R, Stern Y, Cote L, Williams BW. Altered serotonin metabolism in depressed patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1984; 34:642-646.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 45. Mayeux R. The "serotonergic hypothesis" for depression in Parkinson’s disease. Adv Neurol 1990; 53:163-166.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 46. Van Praag HM, De Haen S. Central serotonergic metabolism and frequency of depression. Psychiatr Res 1979; 1:219-224.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 47. Leo RJ. Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors. J Clin Psychiatry 1996; 57:449-454.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 48. Gerber PE, Lynd LD. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor-induced movement disorders. Ann Pharmacother 1998; 32:692-698.[Abstract]
  • 49. Fibiger HC. The neurobiological substrates of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a hypothesis. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11:105-107.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 50. Janowsky DS, El-Yousef MK, Davis JM, Sekerke HJ. A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 1972; ii:632-635.
  • 51. Burt T, Sachs GS, Demopulos C. Donepezil in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 1999; 45:959-964.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 52. Van Praag HM, Asnis GM, Kahn RS. Monoamines and abnormal behaviour: a multi-aminergic perspective. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 157:723-734.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 53. Riederer P, Birkmayer W. A new concept: brain area specific imbalance of neurotransmitters in depression syndrome: human brain studies. In: Usdin E, Sourkes TL, Youdim MBH, eds. Enzymes and neurotransmitters in mental disease. New York: John Wiley, 1980:261-279.
  • 54. Birkmayer W, Danielczy W, Neumayer E, Riederer P. The balance of biogenic amines as condition for normal behaviour. J Neural Trans 1972; 33:38-45.
  • 55. Brown R, Jahanshahi M. Depression in Parkinson’s disease: a psychosocial viewpoint. In: Weiner J, Lang AE, eds. Behavioral neurology of movement disorders. Advances in neurology. Vol. 65. New York: Raven, 1995:61-84.
  • 56. Ardouin C, Pillon B, Pfeiffer E, et al. Bilateral subthalamic or pallidal stimulation for Parkinson’s disease affects neither memory nor executive functions: a consecutive series of 62 patients. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:217-223.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 57. Martinez-Martin P, Valldeoriola F, Tolosa E, et al. Bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation and quality of life in advanced Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17:372-377.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 58. Krack P, Kumar R, Ardouin C, et al. Mirthful laughter induced by subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Mov Disord 2001; 16:867-875.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 59. Romito LM, Raja M, Daniele A, et al. Transient mania with hypersexuality after surgery for high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17:1371-1374.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 60. Kulisevsky J, Berthier ML, Gironel A, et al. Mania following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002; 59:1421-1424.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 61. Bejjani BP, Arnulf I, Thivard L, et al. Transient acute depression by high-frequency deep-brain stimulation. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:1476-1480.[Free Full Text]
  • 62. Stefurak T, Mikulis D, Mayberg M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease dissociates mood and motor circuits: a functional MRI case study. Mov Disord 2003; 18:1499-1507.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 63. Mayberg HS. Modulating dysfunctional limbic-cortical circuits in depression: towards development of brain-based algorithms for diagnosis and optimised treatment. Br Med Bull 2003; 65:193-207.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 64. Hobson P, Holden A, Meara J. Measuring the impact of Parkinson’s disease with the Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life questionnaire. Age Ageing 1999; 28:341-346.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 65. Liu CY, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, et al. The correlation of depression with functional ability in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 1997; 244:493-498.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 66. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for major depressive disorder in adults. American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the treatment of psychiatric disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000:413-495.
  • 67. Klaassen T, Verhey FRJ, Sneijders GHJM, et al. Treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease: a meta-analysis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995; 7:281-286.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 68. Wermuth L, Sorensen PS, Timm S, et al. Depression in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease treated with citalopram. Nord J Psychiatry 1998; 52:163-169.
  • 69. Leentjens AFG, Vreeling FW, Luijckx GJ, Verhey FRJ. SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003; 18:552-554.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 70. Andersen J, Aabro ENG, Hjelmsted A, Pedersen HE. Anti-depressive treatment in Parkinson’s disease; a controlled trial of the effect of nortriptyline in patients with Parkinson’s disease treated with L-DOPA. Acta Neurol Scand 1980; 62:210-219.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 71. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Klawans HL. Bupropion in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1984; 34:1092-1094.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 72. Leentjens AFG, Verhey FRJ, Vreeling FW. Een depressieve patiente met de ziekte van Parkinson succesvol behandeld met buproprion. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000; 144:2157-2159.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 73. Howard WT, Warnock JK. Bupropion-induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156:2017-2018.[Free Full Text]
  • 74. Moellentine C, Rummans T, Ahlskog JE, et al. Effectiveness of ECT in patients with parkinsonism. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998; 10:187-193.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 75. Leentjens AFG, Van den Broek WW, Vreeling FW, Honig A. Electroconvulsietherapie (ECT) als behandelmogelijkheid voor motorische symptomen van M.Parkinson. Acta Neuropsychiatrica 1998; 10:22-26.
  • 76. Andersen K, Balldin J, Gottfries CG, et al. A double-blind evaluation of electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson’s disease with "on-off" phenomena. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 76:191-199.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 77. Pridmore S, Yeo PT, Pasha MI. Electroconvulsive therapy for the physical signs of Parkinson’s disease without depressive disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995; 58:641-642.
  • 78. Pridmore S, Pollard C. Electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson’s disease: a 30 month follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61:693-693.
  • 79. Movement Disorder Society Task Force. Treatment of depression in idiopathic Parkison’s disease. Mov Disord 2002; 17(supp l4):S112-S119.
  • 80. Ghazi-Noori S, Chung TH, Deane KHO, et al. Therapies for depression in Parkinson’s disease. The Cochrane Library. Vol. 1. Chichester, UK: Wiley, 2004.
  • 81. Goetz CG, Leurgans S, Raman R, Stebbins GT. Objective changes in motor function during placebo treatment in PD. Neurology 2000; 54:710-714.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 82. De la Fuente-Fernández R, Ruth TJ, Sossi V, et al. Expectation of dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease. Science 2001; 293:1164-1166.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • 83. Olanow CW, Koller WC. An algorithm for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1998; 50(suppl 3):S1-S57.
  • 84. Gonul AS, Aksu M. SSRI-induced parkinsonism may be an early sign of future Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:410-410.[Web of Science][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
  • 85. Richard IH, Kurlan R, Tanner C, et al. Serotonin syndrome and the combined use of eldepryl and an antidepressant in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1997; 48:1070-1077.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, Vol. 17, No. 3, 120-126 (2004)
DOI: 10.1177/0891988704267456
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 PsychosomaticsHome page
A. H. Farabaugh, J. J. Locascio, L. Yap, D. Weintraub, W. M. McDonald, M. Agoston, J. E. Alpert, J. Growdon, and M. Fava
Pattern of Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease
Psychosomatics, September 1, 2009; 50(5): 448 - 454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 NeurologyHome page
E. Tolosa, C. Gaig, J. Santamaria, and Y. Compta
Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease
Neurology, February 17, 2009; 72(7_Supplement_2): S12 - S20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Health PsycholHome page
H. W.H. Tsang and K. M.T. Fung
A Review on Neurobiological and Psychological Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-depressive Effect of Qigong Exercise
J Health Psychol, October 1, 2008; 13(7): 857 - 863.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi.Home page
C. G. Lyketsos
Lessons From Neuropsychiatry
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, November 1, 2006; 18(4): 445 - 449.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosi.Home page
D. Weintraub, D. Taraborelli, K. H. Morales, J. E. Duda, I. R. Katz, and M. B. Stern
Escitalopram for Major Depression in Parkinson's Disease: An Open-Label, Flexible-Dosage Study
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci, August 1, 2006; 18(3): 377 - 383.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Leentjens, A. F. G.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Leentjens, A. F. G.
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Advertisement